from Review and study guide

from Review and study guide- biomed Question Answer What are four main tissue types and how does structure lead to function? How does the structure of epithelial tissue lend this form of tissue to its function? why does muscle tissue have the ability to do that other tissue types do not? What are the three types of muscle tissues? How do the structures and functions of the three types of tissues vary? What type of tissue is bone classified as? what primary function of this tissue type pertains to bone? why do you think the pelvis is often the first bone forensic anthropologists look to in determining sex from skeletal remains? The developmental occurrences you used to determine age stopped at age 25. what are other clues a forensic anthropologist may be able to use to determine age if the bones belong to a person over age 25? What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data/evidence? what purpose does each form of data play in establishing identity? what key bones would forensic anthropologists use to establish a probable ethnic background? What skeletal features of this bone are key to identifying ethnicity? which type of bone and what are the specific bones that are best for height/stature determination? why is it best to have two or more bones for height calculations? what is the structure and function of DNA? What factor(s) determine the speed by which DNA fragments will move through an electrophoresis gel? What are restriction enzymes and how are the names of restriction enzymes derived? why would it be important to use more than one restriction enzyme when performing an RFLP analysis? In terms of positive and negative poles, describe the direction DNA fragments would move through an electrophoresis gel chamber and explain why? In reference to the use of restriction enzymes, describe the terms stickily ends and blunt ends. What is PCR?Define its role in DNA analysis? Briefly describe the three phases in the PCR process. what characteristics of electrophoresis gels make them useful in separating fragments of DNA? What are the two main subdivisions of the nervous system and what areas of the body make up these two subdivisions? how do the two main subdivisions of the nervous system work together to control the body? what are the main regions of the brain and the functions relating to each region? what is the basic structure and function of the neuron? How do the different types of neurons work together to send and receive signals? describe directional pathways and types of neurons involved. How are electrical signals crated and transmitted in the human body. describe the roles of ions in creating electrical impulses in the human body. what is a hormone? how to hormones interact with target cells? how do feedback loops help regulate the action of hormones? explain how the body decreases blood glucose levels if they are too high/ too low? explain how the body decreases thyroid hormone levels if they are too high? too low? how does a hormone imbalance lead to disease? give three specific examples. how is light focused by the eye? how do the eye and brain work together to process what we see? how does the eye perceive depth, color and optical illusions? What are the functions of the digestive system? how does the structure of each organ in the digestive system relate to its function? describe the main functions of the human digestive system. list major organs of the digestive system in order. next to each structure/organ, identify its function as one or more of the following: chemically digest food, mechanically digest food, absorb water and nutrients, and/or remove wastes. How do enzymes assist the process of digestion? which enzymes digest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins? Identify the sites along the digestive tract that each macromolecules is broken down. where is the energy located in the ATP molecule? what is the equation for the breakdown of ATP and the release of energy? describe alveoli and bronchioles.what happens in these structures? why are the vessels of the cardiovascular system wrapped multiple times around the bronchioles and alveoli? are there both arterial and venous capillaries around each alveolar sac? use the principles of diffusion to explain why oxygen molecules in the tissues of the lung go into the blood, and then in other tissues the oxygen molecules leave the blood. what are the main structures of the urinary system? what is the function of each of these structures? the bladder is composed of transitional epithelium, how does the structure of this tissue help with the function of the bladder? what are the main structures of the kidney? what is the function of each structure? in which sections of section of the kidney is the urine formed? what section of the kidney collects the urine? how does the urine move from the kidney out of the body? in which main regions of the kidney are the glomerulus and the Bowmans capsule located? in which main regions of the kidney are the collecting ducts and the loop of Henle located? explain the process of filtration, re absorption and secretion. which direction is the filtrate moving in each process? where does filtration, re absorption and secretion happen in the nephron? what is GFR? What is the purpose of re absorption in the nephron? in what direction are substances moving during the process of secretion? explain what these substances are and why they are excreted from the body.